2010年考研英语一真题及答案：

2010年全国硕士研究生招生入学统一考试英语（一）试题

Section I Use of  English 

Directions: 

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) 

In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at  a  telephone-parts factory called the  Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped  they  would  learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers’ productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect,” the  extremely influential idea that the  very 3 of  being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior. 

The idea  arose because of the 4 behavior of the  women in  the  plant. According to  _5_ of  the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not _6_ what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to  be 9 to  alter workers’ behavior 10 itself. 

After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had  another surprise in  store. 12 the  descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.www.ienglishcn.com

 It turns out that the peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to  14 interpretations of  what happened. 15 lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to  rise for the next couple of  days. 18 a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 19 to be diligent for  the first few days of the  week in any case, before 20 a  plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down . 

1. [A] affected [B] achieved [ C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at  [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth  [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial  [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements  [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude  [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as  [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness  [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable  [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10.[A] about  [B] for [C] on [D] by11.[A] compared  [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12.[A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with [C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to13. [A] evidence  [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14.[A] disputable  [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast  [B] For example [ C] In consequence [D] As usual16.[A] duly  [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17.[A] failed  [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18.[A] Therefore  [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted  [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended20.[A] breaking  [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitting

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A,

B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) 

Text 1

 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the  past quarter-century, perhaps the  most far-reaching has  been the  inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. 

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big­city  newspapers. Yet a  considerable number of the  most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies. 

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the tum of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a timewhen newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to  be  published in  the  daily press. “So  few  authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism, “Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are ‘.” 

Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in  1975, is  now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.

 Is  there any  chance that  Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a  revival? The prospect seems remote. J oumalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodem readers have little use  for  the  richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in  which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat. 

21.It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that

[A]arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.

[B]English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.

[C]high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.

[D]young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.

22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by

[A]free themes.

[B]casual style.

[C]elaborate layout.

[D]radical viewpoints.

23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?

[A]It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.

[B]It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.

[C]Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.

[D]Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.

24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?

[A]His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.

[B]His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.

[C]His style caters largely to modem specialists.

[D]His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.

25. What would be the best title for the text?

[A]Newspapers of the Good Old Days

[B]The Lost Horizon in Newspapers

[C]Mournful Decline of Journalism

[D]Prominent Critics in Memory

Text2 

Over the past   decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods.  Amazon.com  received one   for  its  “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got  legal protection   for an asset allocation   strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box. 

Now  the  nation’s top  patent court appears completely ready  to scale back on business-method patents, which  have been controversial  ever since  they  were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S.  Court of Appeals for the  Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,” says Dennis D.  Crouch of the University of  Missouri School of Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”

 Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the  Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision  in the  so-called State  Street Bank case, approving a  patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That  ruling produced an explosion  in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out  exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions.  Later, more  established companies raced to add such patents to their  files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they  took positions in court cases opposing the practice. 

The  Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The  Federal  Circuit  issued an  unusual order  stating  that  the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one  issue it wants to evaluate is whether  it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling. 

The  Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of  recent decisions by the  Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections  for patent holders. Last April, for example, the  justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious.  The  judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the  Supreme Court,” says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington  University Law School. 

26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of

[A] their limited value to businesses.

[B] their connection with asset allocation.

[C] the possible restriction on their granting.

[D] the controversy over their authorization.

27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?

[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.

[B] It involves a very big business transaction.

[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.

[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.

28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para. 3) most probably means

[A] loss of goodwill.

[B] increase of hostility.

[C] change of attitude.

[D] enhancement of dignity.

29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents

[A] are immune to legal challenges.

[B] are often unnecessarily issued.

[C] lower the esteem for patent holders.

[D] increase the incidence of risks.

30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?

[A] A looming threat to business-method patents.

[B] Protection for business-method patent holders.

[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents.

[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents .

Text3 

In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread. 

The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the  “two-step flow of communication”:  Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the  two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find  and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. www.ienglishcn.comIn many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was  wearing, promoting, or  developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends. 

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all. 

The researchers’ argument stems from a  simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey – whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence – even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet it  is  precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to  the  two-step-flow theory, are  supposed to  drive social epidemics, by  influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the  initial influential prove resistant, for  example, the  cascade of  change won’t propagate very far or affect many people. 

Building on this basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a  number of  variables relating to  people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be  influenced. They found that the principal requirement for  what is  called “global cascades” – the  widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people. 

31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to

[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics.

[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas.

[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics.

[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.

32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”

[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems.

[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends.

[C] has won support from influentials.

[D] requires solid evidence for its validity.

33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that

[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions.

[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media.

[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public.

[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention.

34. The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who

[A] stay outside the network of social influence.

[B] have little contact with the source of influence.

[C] are influenced and then influence others.

[D] are influenced by the initial influential.

35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?

[A] The eagerness to be accepted.

[B] The impulse to influence others.

[C] The readiness to be influenced.

[D] The inclination to rely on others.

Text4 

Bankers have been blaming themselves for  their troubles in  public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at  someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but  the  independence of  standard-setters, essential to  the  proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a  bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (F ASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use  models to  value illiquid assets and  more flexibility in  recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobbying group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.” European  ministers  instantly  demanded that the  International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this  year is  strong. Charlie McCreevy, a  European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules. It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But banks’ shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains. To  get  the  system working again, losses must be  recognized and  dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The F ASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions . 

36. Bankers complained that they were forced to

[A]follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules.

[B]collect payments from third parties.

[C]cooperate with the price managers.

[D]reevaluate some of their assets.

37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in

[A]the diminishing role of management.

[B]the revival of the banking system.

[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses.

[D]the weakening of its independence.

38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.

[B]evade the pressure from their peers.

[C]act on their own in rule-setting.

[D]take gradual measures in reform.

39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they

[A]misinterpreted market price indicators.

[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets.

[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.

[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of

[A]satisfaction.

[B]skepticism.

[C]objectiveness.

[D]sympathy.

PartB 

Directions: 

For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the  numbered boxes to  form a  coherent text. Paragraph E has  been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the  text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

 [A] The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: the  consumption of food and  drink in  places other than homes has  risen from about 32  percent of total consumption in  1995 to  35  percent in  2000 and  is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in  retail demand of 1  to  2  percent. Meanwhile, as  the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative. 

[B] Retail sales of food and  drink in  Europe’s largest markets are at a  standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and  expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need. 

[CJ Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by  an  ever-growing number of  both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold. 

[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in  the management of product ranges, logistics, and  marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At  least, that is  how it  looks as  a  whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in  their customer segments and  wholesale structures, as  well as  the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too. 

[EJ Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined -France, Germany, Italy and Spain – are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat  at  home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”:  hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends. 

[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $ 268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000 – more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate. 

[GJ However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large food producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gams. 

PartC 

Directions: 

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) 

One basic weakness in  a  conservation system based wholly on  economic motives is  that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its  stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance. When one of these noneconomic  categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to  be disappearing. ( 46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47)but  we  have at  least drawn nearer the  point of admitting that birds shouldcontinue as  a  matter of  intrinsic right, regardless of  the  presence or  absence ofeconomic advantage to us.

A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48)Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the  evidence that  thesecreatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they preyonly on “worthless” species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order tobe  valid. It is  only in  recent years that  we  hear the  more honest argument thatpredators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right toexterminate them for the sake of benefit, real or fancied, to itself.Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by  economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. ( 49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in building up  soil  fertility. The interdependence of the  forest and  its  constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted. 

To sum up:  a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly  lopsided.  (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate,  many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomicparts . 

Section III  Writing 

PartA 

51. Directions:

You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’Association a notice to recruitvolunteers  for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications for applicants  and the other information which you think is relevant. 

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. 

Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Postgraduates’ Association” instead (10 points) 

PartB 52. 

Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay,you should 

1)describe the drawing briefly,

2)explain its  intended meaning, and

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

2010年考研英语一真题答案

2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案Section I Use of English  

1-5:A-B-C-B-C

6-10:B-D-A-C-D

11-15: C-A-A-D-B

16-20:    A-D-C-B-DSection

 II Reading Comprehension

Part A

21-25:    B-A-D-A-B

26-30:    C-D-C-B-A

31-35:    B-D-A-C-C

36-40:    A-D-C-B-D

Part B

41-45:    B-F-D-G-A 

Part C

46.科学家们赶紧用一些很明显没有说服力的事实证据来进行挽救，这个事实就是：假如鸟类无法控制昆虫，那么昆虫就会将我们人类吃光。

47.但是我们至少已经在逐渐承认不管鸟类相对于我们人类是否有经济价值，它们都应该因其自身内在的权利而继续存在。

48.曾经有段时间，生物学家或多或少滥用了一种证据，即这些生物通过杀死体弱者来保持群的健康，或者说它们仅仅捕食没有价值的物种。

49.在林业生态更为发达的欧洲，没有商业价值的树种被合理地看成是当地森林群落的成员，并得到相应的保护。

50.这个体系往往忽略，并因此最终消除陆地种群中许多物种，这些物种缺乏商业价值，但对整个种群的健康繁衍是必不可少的。

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